Like Einstein's general theory of relativity is concerned with explaining the basics of an observable experience – i.e., gravity – most people take for granted that Chomsky's theory of generative grammar (GG) is concerned with the basic nature of language. This chapter highlights a mere subset of central constructs in GG, showing how they have featured prominently and thus shaped formal linguistic studies in multilingualism. Because multilingualism includes a wide range of nonmonolingual populations, the constructs are divided across child bilingualism (...) and adult third language for greater coverage. In the case of the former, the chapter examines how poverty of the stimulus has been investigated. Using the nascent field of L3/Ln acquisition as the backdrop, it discusses how the GG constructs of I‐language versus E‐language sit at the core of debates regarding the very notion of what linguistic transfer and mental representations should be taken to be. (shrink)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between psychological capital profiles and internal learning in teams. The participants in this study were 480 undergraduate students. We performed a cluster analysis using the SPSS and yielded four distinct psychological capital profiles. The student profile with the highest scores in self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience exhibited also the highest scores of internal learning in teams. On the other hand, the student profile with the lowest scores in self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience presented (...) the lowest scores of internal learning in teams. It is also noteworthy that there was no significant relationship between the profile with a positive combination between self-efficacy and hope and the profile that presents the optimism as the only positive psychological capability, in the way they relate to internal learning in teams, which led us to reject the second hypothesis of the study. This study reinforces the role of psychological capital in academic settings and suggests that psychological capital profiles can affect internal learning in teams differentially. (shrink)

Editorial - Dossiê Espiritualidade e saúde - Horizonte, v. 19, n. 60, set./dez. 2021. “Acho que nunca passei um minuto do dia me perguntando por que eu realizei este trabalho, ou se valeu à pena. O chamado para proteger a vida – e não apenas a vida, mas a identidade de outra pessoa; talvez não seja demais dizer a alma de outra pessoa – era óbvio em sua sacralidade. Antes de operar o cérebro de um paciente, eu entendi que eu (...) primeiro preciso conhecer a sua mente: sua identidade, seus valores, o que faz a sua vida valer à pena, e que tipo de devastação é razoável para deixar aquela vida terminar”. KALANITHI, 2016, p. 97-98). (shrink)

The present study uses EEG time-frequency representations with a Flanker task to investigate if and how individual differences in bilingual language experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes in two bilingual group types: late bilinguals and early bilinguals. TFRs were computed for both incongruent and congruent trials. The difference between the two was then compared between the HSs and the L2 learners, modeled as a function of individual differences with bilingual experience within each group separately and probed for its potential symmetry between brain (...) and behavioral data. We found no differences at the behavioral and neural levels for the between-groups comparisons. However, oscillatory dynamics of inhibition and cognitive control were found to be modulated by individual differences in bilingual language experience, albeit distinctly within each bilingual group. While the results indicate adaptations toward differential brain recruitment in line with bilingual language experience variation overall, this does not manifest uniformly. Rather, earlier versus later onset to bilingualism—the bilingual type—seems to constitute an independent qualifier to how individual differences play out. (shrink)

Siguiendo los escritos más filosóficos de Ratzinger en su crítica a la filosofía moderna, presentamos sintéticamente las grandes líneas de pensamiento que, según el teólogo alemán, gestaron la situación actual respecto de la relación entre la fe y la filosofía, y su preocupación por la hegemonía del pensamiento técnico por sobre otras formas del saber que relegaron la fe al ámbito de lo irracional. En las sociedades occidentales, los prejuicios de corte positivista y cientificista sobre la fe, así como su (...) reducción a un sentimiento religioso, siguen vigentes. Por ello, profundizar sobre el tema no solamente nos enriquece con la originalidad de uno de los intelectuales europeos más significativos del siglo XX, sino que nos impulsa a repensar, más allá de todo reduccionismo, el lugar de la fe y de la religión en la reflexión filosófica y en el diálogo con las ciencias. (shrink)

En medio del constante replanteo que la filosofía y las ciencias humanas en general han venido haciendo de nociones básicas como la de 'existencia', un horizonte de planteo intercultural permitirá acoger mejor las demandas de las sociedades contemporáneas cruzadas por diferentes centros histórico-culturales y por el fenómeno común de los movimientos sociales exigiendo cada uno reconocimiento de sus propios derechos. Se concibe tal planteo como una 'odisea de la libertad', ya que intenta perseguir el difícil camino de la libertad -en (...) tanto poder ser- hacia la realización de sí mismo, en relación al reconocimiento de sí y de los otros, en el ámbito comunitario y político. Sin olvidar la buena relación con la naturaleza y el cosmos y con lo que trasciende a cada realidad, en tanto abrigo de infinitud en el ámbito artístico y religioso. Se advierte entonces que el camino a la libertad atraviesa todo tipo de dificultades. Amid the constant reconsideration of basic notions such as "existence" by philosophy and human sciences, an intercultural proposal will give a better response to the demands of contemporary societies, which are crossed by different historical-cultural centers and by the common phenomenon of social movements claiming for their own rights. Such proposal is conceived as "an odyssey of freedom", since it pursues the hard path of freedom-as possibility to be-towards his own realization and regarding his own and others' acknowledgement in the community and political sphere, not forgetting the good relationship with nature and the cosmos and with what transcends each reality, as a shelter of infinity in the artistic and religious field. It is then noticed that the path to freedom undergoes all kinds of difficulties. (shrink)

Introduction: The potential therapeutic efficacy of real-time fMRI Neurofeedback has received increasing attention in a variety of psychological and neurological disorders and as a tool to probe cognition. Despite its growing popularity, the success rate varies significantly, and the underlying neural mechanisms are still a matter of debate. The question whether an individually tailored framework positively influences neurofeedback success remains largely unexplored.Methods: To address this question, participants were trained to modulate the activity of a target brain region, the visual motion (...) area hMT+/V5, based on the performance of three imagery tasks with increasing complexity: imagery of a static dot, imagery of a moving dot with two and with four opposite directions. Participants received auditory feedback in the form of vocalizations with either negative, neutral or positive valence. The modulation thresholds were defined for each participant according to the maximum BOLD signal change of their target region during the localizer run.Results: We found that 4 out of 10 participants were able to modulate brain activity in this region-of-interest during neurofeedback training. This rate of success is consistent with the neurofeedback literature. Whole-brain analysis revealed the recruitment of specific cortical regions involved in cognitive control, reward monitoring, and feedback processing during neurofeedback training. Individually tailored feedback thresholds did not correlate with the success level. We found region-dependent neuromodulation profiles associated with task complexity and feedback valence.Discussion: Findings support the strategic role of task complexity and feedback valence on the modulation of the network nodes involved in monitoring and feedback control, key variables in neurofeedback frameworks optimization. Considering the elaborate design, the small sample size here tested impairs external validity in comparison to our previous studies. Future work will address this limitation. Ultimately, our results contribute to the discussion of individually tailored solutions, and justify further investigation concerning volitional control over brain activity. (shrink)

Gender issues are still under debate in Latin American societies, especially in the educational sphere; for this reason, the objective of the research was to know the experiences of high school teachers regarding gender issues in the classroom and during their university education. The research was qualitative, phenomenological and 22 teachers participated voluntarily. Unanimity was not found in the use of terms related to gender; most of the participants have been adapting their didactic strategies to give the same opportunities to (...) all their students; in addition, the role of the family in the formation of adolescents and in the construction of stereotypes is recognized. Finally, a lack in gender issues was evidenced in the educational proposal of teacher training centers. According to the above, there is still a long way to go in terms of gender issues in education and teacher training. (shrink)

Preposição 'ni' no português brasileiro do centro-oeste -- Deslizamentos funcionais do verbo ver na língua falada em goiás/Brasil -- Variação no uso do imperativo gramatical no falar goiano : fatores internos -- Educação linguística de pessoas surdas : uma proposta de práticas de letramento nas perspectivas da tradução transcultural em travessias sociolinguísticas -- Reflexão linguística e consciência morfossintática no ensino da concordância verbal -- A gramática em esfera escolar e o uso da anáfora pronominal acusativa a de 3a pessoa -- (...) Sobre os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos presentes nas orientações oficiais para o ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa na educação básica brasileeira -- Concordância verbal sob a ótica da Aprendizagem linguística ativa : reflexôes sobre uma estratégia de comprensão do fenômeno por meio da identificação de princípios. (shrink)

Num mundo onde tudo se tornou imagem, parece da maior importância investigar filosoficamente as conexões entre imagens e educação. As imagens-marketing, compondo desejos capturados por um capitalismo que já traz prontos os mundos e seus sentidos, assumiram o status de arte e impregnam tudo - os sentidos, os raciocínios, a imaginação… elas educam. Ora, se é mesmo assim, interessa investigar as relações possíveis entre filosofia e imagem e educação. É o que propõe este dossiê.

The use of transcranial Electrical Stimulation in the modulation of cognitive brain functions to improve neuropsychiatric conditions has extensively increased over the decades. tES techniques have also raised new challenges associated with study design, stimulation protocol, functional specificity, and dose-response relationship. In this paper, we addressed challenges through the emerging methodology to investigate the dose-response relationship of High Definition-transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, identifying the role of negative valence in tinnitus perception. In light of the neurofunctional testable framework and tES application, (...) hypotheses were formulated to measure clinical and surrogate endpoints. We posited that conscious pairing adequately pleasant stimuli with tinnitus perception results in correction of the loudness misperception and would be reinforced by concurrent active HD-tDCS on the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. The dose-response relationship between HD-tDCS specificity and the loudness perception is also modeled. We conducted a double-blind, randomized crossover pilot study with six recruited tinnitus patients. Accrued data was utilized to design a well-controlled adaptive seamless Bayesian dose-response study. The sample size and optimum interims were anticipated for adaptive decision-making about efficacy, safety, and single session dose parameters. Furthermore, preliminary pilot study results were sufficient to show a significant difference within the longitudinally detected self-report tinnitus loudness between before and under positive emotion induction. This study demonstrated a research methodology used to improve emotion regulation in tinnitus patients. In the projected method, positive emotion induction is essential for promoting functional targeting under HD-tDCS anatomical specificity to indicate the efficacy and facilitate the dose-finding process. The continuous updating of prior knowledge about efficacy and dose during the exploratory stage adapts the anticipated dose-response model. Consequently, the effective dose range to make superiority neuromodulation in correcting loudness misperception of tinnitus will be redefined. Highly effective dose adapts the study to a standard randomized trial and transforms it into the confirmatory stage in which active HD-tDCS protocol is compared with a sham trial. Establishing the HD-tDCS intervention protocols relying on this novel method provides reliable evidence for regulatory agencies to approve or reject the efficacy and safety. Furthermore, this paper supports a technical report for designing multimodality data-driven complementary investigations in emotion regulation, including EEG-driven neuro markers, Stroop-driven attention biases, and neuroimaging-driven brain network dynamics. (shrink)

ENTRE A FILOSOFIA ANALÍTICA E O CULTURALISMO JURÍDICO: A APROXIMAÇÃO DO PENSAMENTO JUSFILOSÓFICO DE NORBERTO BOBBIO COM O DE MIGUEL REALE.

Blithz Lozada Pereira nació en Oruro (Bolivia) en 1964. Es miembro de número de la Academia Boliviana de la Lengua desde el 2009, fecha en la que expuso su discurso “La educación del indio en el pensamiento filosófico de Franz Tamayo”, con el que fue admitido. Es miembro honorario de la Asociación Peruana de Educación Intercultural. Ha sido coordinador, director, consultor y organizador de investigaciones y eventos académicos e institucionales. Obtuvo la licenciatura en Filosofía, así como realizó estudios de (...) posgrado en Ciencias Sociales, Educación Superior, Filosofía y Ciencias Políticas. Asimismo, se especializó en políticas, organización y gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación. Se ha desempeñado como docente. En la actualidad, enseña en la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés en La Paz. En su mayoría, sus investigaciones se enfocan en la problemática andina de la actualidad. Entre algunas de sus publicaciones, se encuentran las siguientes: Sugerencias intempestivas (1998), Educar para gobernar (2009), La educación del indio en el pensamiento filosófico de Franz Tamayo (2010), Theatrum ginecologicum (2012), La educación intercultural en Bolivia (2005), Cosmovisión, historia y política en los Andes (2007), Ciencia, tecnología e innovación en Bolivia: contexto internacional, investigación universitaria y prospectiva científica (2011), Políticas científicas, tecnológicas y de innovación en Bolivia (2016), Cultura política, ciencia y gestión de gobierno en América Latina (2017) y Políticas comparadas de conocimiento y bienestar en seis países sudamericanos (2018). (shrink)

Durante años, el estudio de la retórica ha incluido figuras que permiten el análisis de la poesía, como también, la creación diversificada según los múltiples estilos. Al respecto, en este artículo, se extraerá la propuesta fundamentada por Stefano Arduini, quien establece la noción de campo figurativo, como un ordenador de lineamientos subjetivos, propios del raciocinio, de la que se infieren seis subclasificaciones: la metáfora, la metonimia, la sinécdoque, la elipsis, la antítesis y la redundancia, además de los tropos internos que (...) las componen. Ante ello, se recurrirá a los planteamientos elaborados por los críticos y los teóricos de la Literatura para la confrontación hermenéutica que configuran estos conceptos difundidos por la poesía. Los autores a los que se recurrirán son Aristóteles con Retórica, Marco Fabio Quintiliano con Instituciones oratorias (1887), Pierre Fontanier con Les figures du discours (1977), George Lakoff y Mark Johnson con Metáforas de la vida cotidiana (1995), Jacques Lacan (1998), Stefano Arduini (2000), Oldřich Bĕlič (2000), Tomás Albaladejo (2008) y Camilo Rubén Fernández Cozman (2010). (shrink)

Figura marcante da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra na segunda metade do século XX, Miguel Baptista Pereira (1929-2007) deixou um legado filosófico único. Com obra desenvolvida ao longo de quase meio século, revela ao longo dos seus inúmeros estudos um raro domínio sobre o horizonte historial da disciplina filosófica, algo claro pela versatilidade com que versa sobre diferentes temáticas. Reconhecendo o valor da pluralidade temática, o nosso estudo propõe-se a encontrar nos seus escritos um filão comum, (...) a saber, um modo de pensar fundamentalmente hermenêutico. A partir dos conceitos de originalidade, de novidade, de tradição e de crise, unidos pela mediação linguajeira de sentido, delineamos três pilares que sustentam o pensamento de Baptista Pereira. (shrink)

The coexistence of genetically modified (GM) crops and non-GM crops is a myth because the movement of transgenes beyond their intended destinations is a certainty, and this leads to genetic contamination of organic farms and other systems. It is unlikely that transgenes can be retracted once they have escaped, thus the damage to the purity of non-GM seeds is permanent. The dominant GM crops have the potential to reduce biodiversity further by increasing agricultural intensification. There are also potential risks to (...) biodiversity arising from gene flow and toxicity to nontarget organisms from herbicide-resistant (HT) and insect-resistant (Bt) crops. Unless whole regions are declared GM agriculture free, the development of distinct systems of agriculture (GM and non-GM) will be impossible as GM agriculture emerges at the expense of all other forms of production. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca mostrar que el rol de la experiencia sensible en la filosofía de Descartes no puede ser comprendido al margen de sus afirmaciones en torno al conocimiento puramente intelectual. En tal sentido, enmarcados en este propósito, se analizan primeramente, a manera de introducción, algunos pasajes de la filosofía de Descartes en los cuales éste resalta la importancia de la experimentación en su propuesta. Posteriormente se busca mostrar el papel que Descartes le asigna a las llamadas ‘experiencias comunes’ (...) y a la sensación dentro de la explicación científica. Finalmente, se ofrece una explicación acerca de cómo se relacionarían experiencia y razón en la filosofía del autor a fin de apreciar de forma general en qué consistiría su modelo explicación científica. (shrink)

El presente artículo realiza un contrapunto entre estos dos conceptos, cuestionando que exista entre ellos una antinomia irreducible, y propone explorar una conjunción entre la exuberancia de la utopía y la sobriedad de la democracia. En su desarrollo, el autor revisa la idea instalada de que la utopía no puede ser sino totalitaria, y busca restituir a la utopía su capacidad de movimiento. Profundizando en los conceptos de democracia y utopía propone una nueva conexión entre ambos, situando a la democracia (...) y la utopía bajo el signo de lo humano. (shrink)

En este trabajo respondo a las críticas dirigidas en Ser y tiempo contra la fenomenología scheleriana del valor, que se amparan en la omisión de la correspondiente teoría fenomenológica de los tipos de unidad cósica. Tras mostrar que los reproches de Heidegger no alcanzan el punto de vista defendido por Scheler, evidencio que este no solo anticipa en más de una década, dentro de la propia fenomenología, la tesis de la primacía de la vida práctica sostenida en Ser y tiempo, (...) sino que, de hecho, únicamente la tematización scheleriana del valor la hace viable. Por último, argumento que la comprensión heideggeriana de la «mundanidad» (Weltlichkeit) del mundo, realizada también al margen de la categoría de «cosa», la aproxima descriptivamente al «entorno» (Umwelt) de Scheler —y no tanto al «mundo» (Welt)—, lo cual refuerza la acusación de vitalismo que este dirigió contra Heidegger en su escrito póstumo El problema emocional de la realidad. (shrink)

The subject of the cities is a tale that combines images and arguments to improve the constitution of the identity of the urban subject. This is the political subject viewed form its singular and its unconscious dimension. The memories of the cities are observed and analyzed from their unconscious side. All of them cross us, constitute us and remain in our being as a citizens.

There is little or no general agreement about what researchers should focus on when studying consciousness. The most active scientific studies often use the methods of Cognitive Neuroscience and focus mainly on vision. Other aspects and contents of consciousness, namely thoughts and emotions, are much less studied, possibly leading to a biased view of what consciousness is and how it works. In this essay we describe what we call a referential nucleus, implicit in much of consciousness research. In this context, (...) 'consciousness' refers to reportable content experienced by living individuals. We then discuss the philosophical concept of a phenomenal world and another contemporary view that conscious experience involves, besides integration of information in the brain, participation in action-perception cycles in a natural, social and cultural environment. These views imply a need to reconceptualize 'qualia'as the con-scious aspect of subjective experiences, thus stating properties of consciousness that pose serious challenges to an exclusive approach via Cognitive Neuroscience, because experimental settings oversim-plify conscious experiences, narrowing them to fragments correlated with measured brain activity and behaviour. In conclusion we argue that a science of consciousness requires a broad interdisciplinary range of research, including qualitative methods from the Human Sciences. (shrink)

La teoría de los contratos sociales es un enfoque cognitivo que apareció décadas atrás y que defiende que la mente humana se encuentra dotada con sistemas neurocognitivos evolutivos. Estos sistemas regulan diferentes situaciones sociales, por ejemplo, los intercambios y las negociaciones, y nos permiten detectar infractores de reglas o individuos que no cumplen acuerdos. En este trabajo, revisamos críticamente las tesis de este enfoque a partir de los argumentos lingüísticos de Moldovan sobre la perfección del condicional. Nuestra conclusión apunta a (...) que, si trasladamos los planteamientos de Moldovan a un plano más psicológico, podemos explicar los resultados de los experimentos que apoyan la teoría de los contratos sociales a partir del procesamiento de la información realizado por los participantes, sin necesidad de suponer sistema neurocognitivo evolutivo alguno.Social contracts theory is a cognitive approach that emerged decades ago and holds that human mind has evolved neurocognitive systems. These systems regulate different social situations, for example, exchanges and contracts, and allow detecting offenders and individuals that do not fulfill agreements. In this paper, I check critically the theses of this approach by means of the Moldovan’s linguistic arguments about conditional perfection. In this way, I conclude that, if we apply the Moldovan’s approach in a more psychological level, we can explain the outcomes of the experiments that support social contracts theory by means of the information processing made by the participants and we do not need to suppose that there are evolved neurocognitive systems. (shrink)

De la identidad literaria salvadoreña como exilio, se examina la obra clásica de nueve autores. Al aplicar una perspectiva psicoanalítica, el ensayo toma como punto de partida una tarjeta que Roque Dalton envió desde Cuba a una amante lejana en El Salvador. La escritura establece la deuda y la memoria como principios rectores para recuperar el pasado. Un compromiso subjetivo con el objeto del amor perdido la patria y la amante dicta el movimiento de la inscripción poética. Esta ausencia del (...) cuerpo a recuperar se aplica en seguida, en primer lugar, a Francisco Gavidia, que funda el indigenismo salvadoreño, utilizando técnicas literarias europeas, con lo cual ignora las lenguas indígenas, luego a Alberto Masferrer, que se retrata sufriendo las tribulaciones y la pasión de Cristo en el exilio, antes de construir un proyecto político de país. En tercer lugar, Arturo Ambrogi percibe en el campesino salvadoreño al poeta medieval localizado en un locus amoenus, encantado por la belleza del campo. Francisco Miranda Ruano inaugura una visión más trágica, ya que su salida de la ciudad para recrear el esplendor del campo concluye con su regreso a los suburbios pobres, antes de suicidarse. En quinto lugar, Salarrué mezcla fantasía y realismo para retratar sus diversas máscaras o personajes, así como para disimular la violencia sexual y racial. Según el proverbio español “el hábito hace al monje”, el ser y los actos se juzgan siempre por la apariencia. Claudia Lars prescribe un movimiento dual, primero para sustituir su nombre real, Carmen Brannon, por su seudónimo literario, y luego para recuperar su infancia de sus habilidades adultas, que ella desarrolla, gracias al legado poético de su padre extranjero. Los hermanos Alfred y Miguel Ángel Espino proponen un patrimonio complejo. Si el primero idealiza el campo en una recuperación nostálgica del vientre materno cuya contrapartida nombra al amante imposible que lo inclina al suicidio, el segundo apunta a restituir una educación verdaderamente americana, sin revitalización alguna de las lenguas indígenas ni de su tierra ancestral confiscada. José Napoleón Rodríguez Ruiz estipula cómo solo un recuerdo lejano recupera un relato testimonial del pasado. Al vaticinar un tema de actualidad -el acoso sexual y la migración, su personaje campesino narra cómo el exilio reinventa su identidad rural. Finalmente, en un retorno sinodal, desde lejos, Dalton replica la nostalgia de Rubén Darío por ser alguien más de lo que es a la hora de recrear sus años de formación como poeta. En resumen, este bosquejo de nueve autores del siglo XX delinea no solo cómo una idea de exilio anticipa la diáspora actual. El ensayo también sugiere cómo los estudios culturales continúan una nostálgica recuperación de la memoria por una revolución sinódica, y reclama la actualidad de aquellos autores consagrados en un canon literario monolingüe. (shrink)

Sem querer ser uma aproximação histórica e cultural ao tema indicado no título, este artigo visa discutir o seu quadro metafísico a fim de, em diálogo com uma interpretação de Miguel B. Pereira, fazer repercutir tal quadro mais na linhagem futura da análise leibniziana e menos na do apriori kantiano.